DISASTER MANAGEMENT

DISASTER CLASSIFICATION:

                               Disasters are of two major kinds, natural and man-made, and affect the community. Natural disasters are caused by natural earth processes like floods, droughts, cyclones, tsunamis, earthquakes and epidemics. Man-made disasters occur due to chemical spills, accidents, terrorism activities etc.

    TYPES OF NATURAL DISASTER:

       *EARTHQUAKES
 *TSUNAMIS
 *FLOODS 
 *TORNADOES / HURRICANES  
 *WILDFIRES                                                   

 DISASTER RESISTANT COMMUNITY

     ADVANTAGES:

  1. Exemplary focus on mitigation to reduce degree of loss. 

  2. Marketability (given project impact from FEMA). 

 

      DISADVANTAGES:

  1. Applies only to extreme natural disasters.

  2. Ignores social, political, and cultural triggering agents. 

 

 CONSTRUCTION AND PLANNING ASPECTS FOR RESISTANCE AGAINST DISASTERS:

                          

 1. Site Selection

 2. Foundations
 3. Building Plan
 4. Buildings with Fired Brick Masonry Units

 5. Reinforced Walls 

 

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE :

 1. Building should be light as engineering considerations as strength and comfort

 2. Center of gravity of building

 3. Bent of columns

 4. Dog Legged bents
 5.Partition Walls•Parapet Walls, Cornices, Ornamental features etc., 

 

  FLOODS RESISTANCE: 

 1. Design the Elevation of Building includes Waves height relative to a datum determined based on the flood hazard map of the area.

 2. Parking areas, Building access, and storage are constructed below design flood elevation

 3. The Foundation Design of flood resistant structures should depend on the Geo technical characteristics of soil and strata beneath the foundation and the soil foundation interaction.

                               

  DESIGN FLOOD CONDITIONS AND LOADS: 

  1. Source of flooding

  2.Flood depth
  3.Flood velocity
  4.Flood Duration
  5.Rate of Rise and Fall
  6.Wave Effects

  7.Flood- Borne Debris 

  8.Scour and Erosion

 

FLOOD PROOFING: 

 1. Dry-Flood proofing
 2. Wet- Flood Proofing

 3.Active Flood Proofing 

 4.Passive Flood Proofing

 

FLOOD RESISTANT CERTIFICATIONS:

 1.Lowest Floor Elevation Certification
 2.Flood opening Certification
 3. Dry-Flood Proofing Certification

 4.V Zone Design and Construction Certification 

 5.Breakaway Wall Certification 

 

CYCLONE: 

•A System of winds rotating inward to an area of low atmospheric pressure, with a counter clockwise (northern hemisphere) or  Clockwise (southern hemisphere) circulation  

                        

  TYPES: 

   *Hurricanes – Most Dangerous 

  *Tropical Cyclones – Most Common

  *Polar cyclones  

  *Meso Cyclone

 

CONSTRUCTION AND PLANNING ASPECTS FOR CYCLONES:

 

 1.Overhangs

 2.Wall Openings

 3.Glass Paneling

 4.Foundation
 5.Building on stilts  
 6.Masonry Walls

HOW HIGH WINDS DAMAGE BUILDINGS??? 

•The walls of the building are pulled apart by winds moving swiftly around and over the building

•This creates suction on the walls and roof, effectively causing the equivalent of an explosion 

 

 

VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES

 *Light weight structures with wood frames

 *Unreinforced or poorly constructed concrete block.     

CONCLUSION:

 

     Disaster are sudden and disaster management is a difficult task and Effort to build a disaster resilient Nepalese community.